In the previous blog article, we explored the alarming statistics surrounding sexual assault, the importance of understanding consent, and the steps toward establishing healthy and safe relationships. Unfortunately, the journey doesn’t end with awareness.
Nearly half a million people were sexually assaulted in 2023 in the US. That’s JUST in 2023.
In fact, 1 in 5 women and 1 in 71 men in the United States have been raped in their lifetime. This is a conservative estimate, as many cases go unreported due to fear, shame, and distrust of the system. Given these statistics, it is reasonable to conclude that, on average, every person in the US knows at least one survivor of sexual assault.
For survivors of sexual assault, the path to healing is often long and complex, involving not only physical recovery but also emotional and psychological healing. One critical aspect of this recovery is understanding Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)—a form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that survivors of sexual assault often experience.
In this blog, we will delve into what Rape Trauma Syndrome is, why people develop it, and the various treatment options available for survivors. This information can be crucial for survivors and their loved ones, as well as for anyone seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the lasting impact of sexual assault that affects so many people they personally know.
What is Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) – a History
Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS) is a term that was coined by Dr. Ann Wolbert Burgess and Dr. Lynda Lytle Holmstrom in the 1970s to describe the emotional, psychological, and physical symptoms that a survivor of sexual assault experiences following the trauma.
So what happened in the 1970s? Women began to roar.
Guided by feminist thought and collective consciousness, women began to congregate, demonstrate, and mobilize. In fact, the anti-rape movement and affiliated organizations held events called Speak Outs in the early 1970s in which survivors recounted their experiences. The rape survivor movement literally grew out of the feminist movement.
Drs. Burgess and Holstrom first introduced RTS in 1974 after interviewing 92 adult female rape victims. This was ground-breaking research because it was only two years earlier in 1972 that the first rape crisis centers were actually founded in the US.
What is Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS)?
RTS is actually a form of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), a mental health condition that arises after someone has been exposed to a life-threatening or deeply disturbing event. While PTSD can result from various types of trauma, RTS specifically refers to the aftermath of sexual violence.
RTS is not a single, uniform response to assault but rather a collection of symptoms that can manifest in different ways depending on the individual. Some common symptoms of RTS include:
- Emotional responses: Feelings of fear, shame, guilt, anger, confusion, and self-blame are prevalent. Survivors may feel overwhelmed by emotions, struggling to make sense of the assault and its impact on their sense of self.
- Cognitive symptoms: Survivors may experience memory problems, difficulty concentrating, intrusive thoughts about the assault, and flashbacks. These intrusive memories can be triggered by reminders of the assault and may lead to emotional distress.
- Physical responses: Survivors of sexual assault may have physical symptoms like sleep disturbances, nightmares, fatigue, headaches, weight gain and loss, and even gastrointestinal issues due to the stress their bodies have endured.
- Behavioral reactions: Some survivors may engage in avoidance behaviors, such as distancing themselves from people, places, or situations that remind them of the assault. They may also develop unhealthy coping mechanisms like substance abuse or self-harm.
It’s important to recognize that RTS manifests differently in each survivor, and the symptoms may vary in intensity and duration. Some individuals may experience a delayed onset of symptoms, meaning that they don’t show significant signs of trauma until months or even years after the assault.
Rape Is Not a Love Story
We are raised on fairy tales. We watch TV shows, read books, and watch movies about love and passion. We are raised to believe that our bodies will feel good during sex, sharing intimacy, having orgasms, and making babies.
When a sexual assault happens, survivors are not just battling the demons of the assault, recovering from the brutal physical trauma. They are also battling the reality that rape is not their love story. They were promised love and intimacy, but instead they experienced pain and anguish.
Rape Trauma Syndrome is the result of the overwhelming psychological, emotional, and physical impact of sexual assault. Sexual assault can make survivors feel violated, to the point where they lose their sense of safety, autonomy, and trust in others. When someone experiences sexual assault, their world can feel shattered, leaving them with a host of traumatic memories and emotional turmoil. In short, their fairy tale has been shattered.
Several factors contribute to RTS:
- The Violent and Invasive Nature of Sexual Assault: Sexual assault is a deeply invasive violation of a person’s physical and emotional boundaries. It is a traumatic experience that can leave survivors feeling powerless and helpless. The trauma often leads to a profound sense of betrayal, especially if the assault was perpetrated by someone the survivor knew and trusted.
- The Threat to Survival and Autonomy: In many cases, sexual assault involves a direct threat to the survivor’s physical safety. The act itself may be violent or coercive, instilling feelings of fear, helplessness, and vulnerability. This threat to personal autonomy – feeling that one’s body is no longer their own and can be controlled by someone else – can lead to a profound psychological response, triggering symptoms associated with PTSD.
- Social and Cultural Factors: Survivors of sexual assault may also face societal stigma, victim-blaming, or a lack of understanding and support from friends, family, and the community. These external factors can exacerbate the psychological impact of the assault and lead to feelings of isolation, shame, and guilt, all of which are contributing factors to RTS.
- Pre-existing Mental Health Conditions: For some individuals, pre-existing mental health conditions, such as anxiety, depression, or PTSD from past trauma, can make them more susceptible to developing RTS. The added stress and emotional burden of sexual assault may exacerbate these conditions, prolonging the healing process.
- Unresolved Trauma and Lack of Support: Survivors who are unable to process the trauma or who lack proper emotional and social support may be at greater risk for developing RTS. Without adequate resources to cope with the trauma, such as therapy, support groups, or understanding relationships, the symptoms can become more entrenched and difficult to overcome.
Treatment Options for Rape Trauma Syndrome
Recovering from Rape Trauma Syndrome requires time, support, and a comprehensive approach to healing. Fortunately, due to the groundbreaking work of Drs. Burgess and Holstrom and the thousands of well-intentioned and dedicated health care professionals since the 70s, there are several treatment options available to help survivors address the psychological and emotional wounds left by sexual assault. The right treatment plan will depend on the survivor’s specific needs and the severity of their symptoms.
1. Therapy and Counseling
Therapy is one of the most effective ways to treat RTS. Several types of therapeutic approaches can be particularly beneficial for survivors of sexual assault:
- Individual Therapy: Individual therapy, including trauma-focused therapy, can help survivors of sexual assault by providing a safe, confidential space to process trauma and emotions. It allows them to work through feelings of guilt, shame, and fear, while learning coping strategies and building resilience. Therapy also empowers survivors to regain a sense of control over their lives and helps them rebuild trust in themselves and others.
- Group Therapy: Group therapy offers survivors the opportunity to connect with others who have experienced similar trauma. Sharing experiences in a safe and non-judgmental space can help individuals feel less isolated and more understood. It can also foster a sense of empowerment as survivors work together to heal.
- Narrative Therapy: This approach encourages survivors to tell their stories, which can help them reframe their experiences and gain a sense of control over their narrative. By sharing their trauma in their own words, survivors can begin to make meaning of the event and reduce its psychological hold over them.
2. Medication
While therapy is a central component of healing from RTS, some survivors may benefit from medication, especially if they are experiencing significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, or PTSD. Medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other antidepressants can help manage symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, medication should always be prescribed by a healthcare professional and used in conjunction with therapy for the best results.
3. Support Groups
Support groups (not to be confused with group therapy) offer a sense of community and connection with others who understand the unique challenges of sexual assault survival. These groups can provide survivors with emotional support, as well as a space to share coping strategies and resources. Support groups can be particularly helpful for survivors who may feel isolated or ashamed of their trauma.
4. Self-Care and Lifestyle Changes
Along with formal treatment, survivors of sexual assault can benefit from self-care practices that promote overall well-being. Regular exercise, mindfulness meditation, yoga, and other stress-reducing activities can help survivors manage anxiety and emotional distress. Engaging in creative outlets, like art or journaling, can also provide a therapeutic release.
Sexual Assault and Rape Trauma Syndrome – A Checklist
Sexual assault and resulting Rape Trauma Syndrome can be debilitating. Treatment for RTS, including therapy, medication, support groups, and self-care, can help survivors heal and reclaim their sense of safety, autonomy, and well-being.
If you are a victim of sexual assault (or you believe that someone you care about is a victim), here are the steps you can take to help. Remember, trauma can appear and reappear without warning, so it does not matter if the sexual assault was was yesterday or 20 years ago, you are encouraged to take action.
- Call 911 and report the abuse to the police.
- Talk to your medical doctor or trusted medical professional.
- Call the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 1-800-656-4673.
- Reach out to organizations such as NSVRC and RAINN.
- Contact a qualified therapist who specializes in sexual assault survival.
For survivors of sexual assault, it’s important to remember that healing is a process, and there is no “right” way to recover. If you or someone you know has experienced sexual violence or is currently experiencing PTSD, anxiety, depression, or an eating disorder as a result of sexual trauma, there IS hope. The licensed therapists at New Hope provide trauma-informed care and treatment for PTSD, including somatic experiencing, trauma-focused therapy, exposure therapy, and cognitive restructuring. Each person’s journey is unique, but with the right support and treatment, recovery is possible.
